Romania Population: 21,457,116
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| History | |
| The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007. |
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| Geography | |
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| Location: | Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine |
| Geographic coordinates: | 46 00 N, 25 00 E |
| Area: | total: 238,391 sq km land: 229,891 sq km water: 8,500 sq km Size comparison: twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon |
| Land Boundaries: | total: 2,844 km border countries (5): Bulgaria 605 km, Hungary 424 km, Moldova 683 km, Serbia 531 km, Ukraine 601 km |
| Coastline: | 225 km |
| Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation |
| Climate: | temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms |
| Terrain: | central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps |
| Natural resources: | petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower |
| Land use: | agricultural land: 60.7% (2011 est.) arable land: 39.1% (2011 est.) permanent crops: 1.9% (2011 est.) permanent pasture: 19.7% (2011 est.) forest: 28.7% (2011 est.) other: 10.6% (2011 est.) |
| Irrigated land: | 31,490 sq km (2012) |
| Natural hazards: | earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides |
| Current Environment Issues: | soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands |
| International Environment Agreements: | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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| People | |
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| Nationality: | noun: Romanian(s) adjective: Romanian |
| Ethnic groups: | Romanian 83.4%, Hungarian 6.1%, Romani 3.1%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.2%, other 0.7%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.) note: Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population |
| Languages: | Romanian (official) 85.4%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 1%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.) |
| Religions: | Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 81.9%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformed and Pentecostal) 6.4%, Roman Catholic 4.3%, other (includes Muslim) 0.9%, none or atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.3% (2011 est.) |
| Population: | 21,457,116 (July 2018 est.) |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 14.31% (male 1,576,621 /female 1,493,082) 15-24 years: 10.45% (male 1,151,312 /female 1,091,956) 25-54 years: 46.11% (male 5,010,272 /female 4,883,090) 55-64 years: 12.37% (male 1,244,669 /female 1,409,854) 65 years and over: 16.76% (male 1,454,320 /female 2,141,940) (2018 est.) |
| Dependency ratios: | total dependency ratio: 48 (2015 est.) youth dependency ratio: 22.8 (2015 est.) elderly dependency ratio: 25.2 (2015 est.) potential support ratio: 4 (2015 est.) |
| Median age: | total: 41.6 years male: 40.2 years female: 43 years (2018 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | -0.35% (2018 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 8.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) |
| Death rate: | 12 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | -0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) |
| Urbanization: | urban population: 54% of total population (2018) rate of urbanization: -0.38% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.) |
| Major urban areas - population: | 1.821 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2018) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.88 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2018 est.) Mother's mean age at first birth: 26.7 years (2014 est.) |
| Maternal mortality rate: | 31 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 9.2 deaths/1,000 live births male: 10.4 deaths/1,000 live births female: 7.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 75.6 years male: 72.1 years female: 79.2 years (2018 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 1.36 children born/woman (2018 est.) |
| Physicians density: | 2.26 physicians/1,000 population (2016) |
| Hospital bed density: | 6.3 beds/1,000 population (2013) |
| Drinking water source: | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2015 est.) |
| Sanitation facility access: | improved: urban: 92.2% of population (2015 est.) rural: 63.3% of population (2015 est.) total: 79.1% of population (2015 est.) unimproved: urban: 7.8% of population (2015 est.) rural: 36.7% of population (2015 est.) total: 20.9% of population (2015 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.1% (2017 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 16,000 (2017 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths: | <200 (2017 est.) |
| Obesity - adult prevalence rate: | 22.5% (2016) |
| Education expenditures: | 3.1% of GDP (2015) |
| Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.) total population: 98.8% male: 99.1% female: 98.5% (2015 est.) |
| School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): | total: 14 years male: 14 years female: 15 years (2016) Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 18.3% male: 18.1% female: 18.6% (2017 est.) |
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| Government | |
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| Country name: | conventional long form: none conventional short form: Romania local long form: none local short form: Romania former: Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania etymology: the name derives from the Latin "Romanus" meaning "citizen of Rome" and was used to stress the common ancient heritage of Romania's three main regions - Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia - during their gradual unification between the mid-19th century and early 20th century |
| Government type: | semi-presidential republic |
| Capital: | name: Bucharest geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: related to the Romanian word "bucura" that is believed to be of Dacian origin and whose meaning is "to be glad (happy)"; Bucharest's meaning is thus akin to "city of joy" |
| Administrative divisions: | 41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea |
| Independence: | 9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed) |
| National holiday: | Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918) |
| Constitution: | history: several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991 amendments: initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one-fourths of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended; amended 2003 (2016) |
| Legal system: | civil law system |
| Suffrage: | 18 years of age; universal |
| Executive branch: | chief of state: President Klaus Werner IOHANNIS (since 21 December 2014) head of government: Prime Minister Viorica DANCILA (since 29 January 2018); Deputy Prime Ministers Gratiela GAVRILESCU (since 29 June 2017), Viorel STEFAN (since 29 January 2018), Ana BIRCHALL (since 29 January 2018); note - DANCILA is Romania's first woman prime minister cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 November 2014 with a runoff on 16 November 2014 (next to be held in November 2019); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament election results: Klaus IOHANNIS elected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 54.4%, Victor PONTA (PSD) 45.6%; Viorica DANCILA approved as prime minister 282-136 |
| Legislative branch: | description: bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of: Senate or Senat (136 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies - including 2 seats for diaspora - by party-list, proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (329 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies - including 4 seats for diaspora - by party-list, proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) elections: Senate - last held on 11 December 2016 (next to be held by December 2020) Chamber of Deputies - last held on 11 December 2016 (next to be held by December 2020) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PSD 45.7%, PNL 20.4%, USR 8.9%, UDMR 6.2%, ALDE 6%, PMP 5.7%, other 7.1%; seats by party - PSD 67, PNL 30, USR 13, UDMR 9, ALDE 9, PMP 8; composition - men 116, women 20, percent of women 14.7% Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PSD 45.5%, PNL 20%, USR 8.9%, UDMR 6.2%, ALDE 5.6%, PMP 5.4%, other 8.4%; seats by party - PSD 154, PNL 69, USR 30, UDMR 21, ALDE 20, PMP 18, minorities 17; composition men 261, women 68, percent of women 20.7%; note - total Parliament percent of women 20.7% |
| Judicial branch: | highest courts: High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members) judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts |
| Political parties and leaders: | Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU] Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN] Civic Hungarian Party [Zsolt BIRO] Ecologist Party of Romania or PER [Danut POP] Greater Romania Party or PRM [Adrian POPESCU] M10 Party [Ioana CONSTANTIN] National Liberal Party or PNL [Ludovic ORBAN] New Romania Party or PNR [Sebastian POPESCU] Our Romania Alliance [Marian MUNTEANU] Party of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats or ALDE [Calin POPESCU TARICEANU] Popular Movement Party or PMP [Traian BASESCU] Romanian Social Party or PSRo [Mircea GEOANA] Save Romania Union Party or Partidul USR [Dan BARNA] Social Democratic Party or PSD [Liviu DRAGNEA] United Romania Party or PRU [Robert BUGA] |
| International organization participation: | Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC |
| National symbol(s): | golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow, red |
| National anthem: | name: "Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!) lyrics/music: Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN note: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador George Cristian MAIOR (since 17 September 2015) chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852 FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Hans G. KLEMM (since 21 September 2015) embassy: 4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118 mailing address: American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch) telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300 FAX: [40] (21) 200-3442 |
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| Economy | |
Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Romania signed a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders, but GDP contracted until 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary standby agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability; no funds were drawn. In September 2013, Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on standby agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms. This agreement expired in September 2015, and no funds were drawn. Progress on structural reforms has been uneven, and the economy still is vulnerable to external shocks. Economic growth rebounded in the 2013-17 period, driven by strong industrial exports, excellent agricultural harvests, and, more recently, expansionary fiscal policies in 2016-2017 that nearly quadrupled Bucharest’s annual fiscal deficit, from +0.8% of GDP in 2015 to -3% of GDP in 2016 and an estimated -3.4% in 2017. Industry outperformed other sectors of the economy in 2017. Exports remained an engine of economic growth, led by trade with the EU, which accounts for roughly 70% of Romania trade. Domestic demand was the major driver, due to tax cuts and large wage increases that began last year and are set to continue in 2018. An aging population, emigration of skilled labor, significant tax evasion, insufficient health care, and an aggressive loosening of the fiscal package compromise Romania’s long-term growth and economic stability and are the economy's top vulnerabilities. | |
| GDP (purchasing power parity): | $483.4 billion (2017 est.) $452 billion (2016 est.) $431.2 billion (2015 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars |
| GDP (official exchange rate): | $211.9 billion (2017 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate: | 6.9% (2017 est.) 4.8% (2016 est.) 3.9% (2015 est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP): | $24,600 (2017 est.) $22,900 (2016 est.) $21,700 (2015 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars |
| Gross national saving: | 21.1% of GDP (2017 est.) 21.7% of GDP (2016 est.) 23.9% of GDP (2015 est.) GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 70% (2017 est.) government consumption: 7.7% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 22.6% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 1.9% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 41.4% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -43.6% (2017 est.) GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 4.2% (2017 est.) industry: 33.2% (2017 est.) services: 62.6% (2017 est.) |
| Agriculture - products: | wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep |
| Industries: | electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials |
| Industrial production growth rate: | 5.5% (2017 est.) |
| Labor force: | 8.951 million (2017 est.) |
| Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: 28.3% industry: 28.9% services: 42.8% (2014) |
| Unemployment rate: | 4.9% (2017 est.) 5.9% (2016 est.) |
| Population below poverty line: | 22.4% (2012 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 15.3% highest 10%: 7.6% (2014 est.) |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 27.3 (2012) 28.2 (2010) |
| Budget: | revenues: 62.14 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 68.13 billion (2017 est.) |
| Taxes and other revenues: | 29.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.) Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -2.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.) |
| Public debt: | 36.8% of GDP (2017 est.) 38.8% of GDP (2016 est.) note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds |
| Fiscal year: | calendar year |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 1.3% (2017 est.) -1.6% (2016 est.) |
| Current account balance: | -$7.114 billion (2017 est.) -$3.93 billion (2016 est.) |
| Exports: | $64.58 billion (2017 est.) $57.72 billion (2016 est.) |
| Exports - commodities: | machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, agricultural products and foodstuffs, metals and metal products, chemicals, minerals and fuels, raw materials |
| Exports - partners: | Germany 23%, Italy 11.2%, France 6.8%, Hungary 4.7%, UK 4.1% (2017) |
| Imports: | $78.12 billion (2017 est.) $68 billion (2016 est.) |
| Imports - commodities: | machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, chemicals, agricultural products and foodstuffs, fuels and minerals, metals and metal products, raw materials |
| Imports - partners: | Germany 20%, Italy 10%, Hungary 7.5%, Poland 5.5%, France 5.3%, China 5%, Netherlands 4% (2017) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $44.43 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $40 billion (31 December 2016 est.) |
| Debt - external: | $95.97 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $93.71 billion (31 December 2016 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: | $94 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $76.93 billion (31 December 2016 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: | $6.822 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $5.963 billion (31 December 2016 est.) |
| Market value of publicly traded shares: | $42.24 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $34.06 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $42.59 billion (31 December 2013 est.) |
| Exchange rates: | lei (RON) per US dollar - 4.077 (2017 est.) 4.0592 (2016 est.) 4.0592 (2015 est.) 4.0057 (2014 est.) 3.3492 (2013 est.) |
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| Energy | |
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| Electricity - production: | 61.78 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - consumption: | 49.64 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - exports: | 11.22 billion kWh (2015 est.) |
| Electricity - imports: | 4.177 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - installed generating capacity: | 23.94 million kW (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from fossil fuels: | 47% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from nuclear fuels: | 6% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: | 29% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from other renewable sources: | 19% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Crude oil - production: | 73,740 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Crude oil - exports: | 2,076 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Crude oil - imports: | 145,300 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Crude oil - proved reserves: | 600 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - production: | 232,600 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - consumption: | 198,000 bbl/day (2016 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - exports: | 103,000 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - imports: | 49,420 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Natural gas - production: | 10.87 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption: | 11.58 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports: | 22.65 million cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports: | 1.218 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves: | 105.5 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.) |
| Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy: | 72.07 million Mt (2017 est.) |
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| Communications | |
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| Cellular Phones in use: | total subscriptions: 22.55 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 105 (2017 est.) |
| Telephone system: | general assessment: the telecommunications sector is being expanded and modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services; competition among a number of telecoms; LTE services; 1Gb/FttP offering; government secures EU funding to extend broadband to areas of the country not yet connected (2018) domestic: fixed-line teledensity is about 18 telephones per 100 persons; mobile market served by four mobile network operators; mobile-cellular teledensity over 105 telephones per 100 persons (2018) international: country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2016) |
| Broadcast media: | a mixture of public and private TV stations; there are 7 public TV stations (2 national, 5 regional) using terrestrial broadcasting and 187 private TV stations (out of which 171 offer local coverage) using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public TV stations using satellite broadcasting and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations, having in total 20 public radio stations by terrestrial broadcasting plus 4 public radio stations by satellite broadcasting; there are 502 operational private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting and 26 private radio stations using satellite broadcasting |
| Internet country code: | .ro |
| Internet users: | total: 12,852,696 percent of population: 59.5% (July 2016 est.) |
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| Transportation | |
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| Airports: | 45 (2013) |
| Airports (paved runways): | total 26 (2017) over 3,047 m: 4 (2017) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 (2017) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 (2017) under 914 m: 1 (2017) |
| Airports (unpaved runways): | total 19 (2013) 914 to 1,523 m: 5 (2013) under 914 m: 14 (2013) |
| Heliports: | 2 (2013) |
| Pipelines: | 3726 km gas, 2451 km oil (2013) |
| Railways: | total 11,268 km (2014) standard gauge: 10,781 km 1.435-m gauge (3,292 km electrified) (2014) narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (2014) broad gauge: 60 km 1.524-m gauge (2014) |
| Roadways: | total 84,185 km (2012) paved: 49,873 km (includes 337 km of expressways) (2012) unpaved: 34,312 km (2012) |
| Waterways: | 1,731 km (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals) (2010) |
| Merchant marine: | total 112 by type: general cargo 13, oil tanker 8, other 91 (2018) |
| Ports and terminals: | major seaport(s): Constanta, Midia river port(s): Braila, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Tulcea (Danube River) |
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| Military | |
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| Military branches: | Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force (2016) |
| Military service age and obligation: | conscription ended 2006; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2015) |
| Military expenditures: | 1.91% of GDP (2018) 1.81% of GDP (2017) 1.41% of GDP (2016) 1.45% of GDP (2015) 1.35% of GDP (2014) |
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| Transnational Issues | |
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| Disputes - International: | the ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea |
| Refugees and internally displaced persons: | stateless persons: 227 (2018) |
| Illicit drugs: | major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos |
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